Caterpillars make interesting although often tricky subjects. It can be difficult to tell which end is which can't it.
I believe that is the caterpillar of the Swallowtail butterfly.
That they do and it certainly can be. I don't know if it holds true for all types but I have noticed that in a few species the head has a cluster of sharp claw like legs while the middle and rear have roundish legs and feet with spikes for holding onto branches and leaves.
Yes, leg examination can be useful in separating butterfly/moth caterpillars from similar looking other larvae; such as some of the sawflies which occur here.
An interesting find, but then you have some unique (at least to my eyes) species in your neck of the woods.