Caterpillars make interesting although often tricky subjects. It can be difficult to tell which end is which can't it.
I believe that is the caterpillar of the Swallowtail butterfly.
That they do and it certainly can be. I don't know if it holds true for all types but I have noticed that in a few species the head has a cluster of sharp claw like legs while the middle and rear have roundish legs and feet with spikes for holding onto branches and leaves.![]()
Yes, leg examination can be useful in separating butterfly/moth caterpillars from similar looking other larvae; such as some of the sawflies which occur here.
An interesting find, but then you have some unique (at least to my eyes) species in your neck of the woods.